Urea

A versatile form of Vitamin B3 that strengthens the skin barrier, reduces pore appearance, controls oil production, and addresses multiple skin concerns.

A gentle alpha hydroxy acid derived from milk. Larger molecular size than glycolic acid means slower, more gentle penetration. Also has humectant properties.

The provitamin form of Vitamin B5 that deeply hydrates and helps repair the skin barrier. Converts to pantothenic acid in the skin.

The acid form of panthenol (provitamin B5). Supports skin barrier function, wound healing, and hydration.

Sodium PCA (sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, also known as sodium pidolate) is the sodium salt of pyroglutamic acid, a naturally occurring amino acid derivative that constitutes approximately 12% of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) in human stratum corneum. NMF is the collection of water-soluble, hygroscopic molecules produced during the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes from the degradation of the protein filaggrin. As the single largest component of NMF, PCA plays a critical role in maintaining stratum corneum hydration, plasticity, and barrier function. Sodium PCA is a remarkably efficient humectant, capable of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere at humidity levels as low as 50%. Its hygroscopic capacity exceeds that of glycerin, propylene glycol, and sorbitol under equivalent conditions. In cosmetic formulations, sodium PCA helps replicate the natural hydration mechanisms of healthy skin, making it particularly valuable for dehydrated, dry, and mature skin types where NMF levels are typically diminished.