Cholesterol

Probiotics in skincare refer to live microorganisms, their lysates, fermentation byproducts, or cell-free extracts that confer a benefit to the skin by modulating the cutaneous microbiome and immune response. The human skin harbors a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, and viruses collectively known as the skin microbiome, which plays a critical role in barrier defense, immune regulation, and protection against pathogenic colonization. Topical probiotics work by reinforcing the populations of beneficial commensal organisms, producing antimicrobial peptides such as bacteriocins, and modulating toll-like receptor signaling to reduce excessive inflammatory responses. Common probiotic species used in skincare include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus thermophilus, often delivered as ferment lysates or filtrates for improved stability.

Hemp seed oil is a lightweight, non-comedogenic plant oil extracted from the seeds of Cannabis sativa. It is exceptionally rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, containing an optimal omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of approximately 3:1, which closely mirrors the lipid profile of healthy human skin. The oil is composed of roughly 55-60% linoleic acid, 15-20% alpha-linolenic acid, and 10-15% oleic acid, along with gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a rare anti-inflammatory fatty acid. Hemp seed oil also contains tocopherols (vitamin E), phytosterols, and trace amounts of carotenoids and minerals. Its molecular structure allows for rapid absorption without leaving a greasy residue, making it suitable for a wide range of skin types including oily and acne-prone complexions. Unlike CBD oil, hemp seed oil is derived exclusively from seeds and contains negligible levels of cannabinoids.

Sea buckthorn oil is a vibrant orange-red oil derived from the berries and seeds of the Hippophae rhamnoides shrub, a hardy plant native to the coastal and mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. Two distinct oils are obtained from this plant: the seed oil, which is lighter in color and rich in alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids, and the fruit/berry oil, which is deeply pigmented due to exceptionally high concentrations of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene and lycopene. Both forms are extraordinarily rich in bioactive compounds including vitamins A, C, E, and K, flavonoids, phytosterols, and the rare palmitoleic acid (omega-7), which is a major component of human skin lipids and plays a critical role in cell signaling and wound healing. Sea buckthorn oil is one of the few plant sources of all four omega fatty acids (3, 6, 7, and 9), making it one of the most nutritionally complete botanical oils available for topical skincare.

Sunflower seed oil is a widely available, cost-effective plant oil expressed from the seeds of Helianthus annuus. The high-linoleic variety, which is the type most valued for skincare, contains approximately 60-72% linoleic acid, 15-20% oleic acid, and smaller amounts of palmitic and stearic acids. It is one of the most well-studied plant oils for dermatological use, with robust clinical evidence supporting its barrier-repairing and anti-inflammatory properties. Sunflower seed oil is naturally rich in vitamin E (primarily alpha-tocopherol), phospholipids, and lecithin, all of which contribute to its emollient and skin-protective effects. Its light texture, neutral scent, and excellent spreadability make it a staple ingredient in moisturizers, cleansing oils, and baby skincare products. It is also frequently used as a carrier oil for essential oils and other active botanical extracts.

Grape seed oil is a lightweight, versatile oil extracted from the seeds of Vitis vinifera, a byproduct of the winemaking industry. It is one of the lightest and most easily absorbed plant oils, with a nearly imperceptible scent and a smooth, silky texture. Its fatty acid profile is characterized by a very high linoleic acid content (60-76%), moderate oleic acid (12-25%), and small amounts of palmitic and stearic acids. This high linoleic acid composition makes it one of the most suitable plant oils for oily and acne-prone skin types. Grape seed oil is also an excellent source of proanthocyanidins (oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes, or OPCs), which are among the most powerful antioxidants found in nature, with estimated free radical-scavenging potency 20-50 times greater than vitamins C and E. Additional bioactive constituents include tocopherols, tocotrienols, resveratrol, quercetin, carotenoids, and phytosterols.